Tirotoxicosis por enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional: revisión a partir de 3 casos / Thyrotoxicosis due to gestational trophoblastic disease: clinical cases

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG) es una complicación del embarazo poco común. Corresponde a un espectro de lesiones proliferativas del tejido trofoblástico: Mola Hidatiforme (MH) en sus formas parcial y completa, Coriocarcinoma, Tumor Trofoblástico y Tumor Trofoblástico Epiteloide. Los distintos tipos de ETG presentan en común la hipersecreción de gonadotrofina coriónica humana (hCG). La hCG es una hormona glicoproteica con una estructura muy similar a la TSH, por lo cual puede estimular la función tiroidea en condiciones fisiológicas y en algunas condiciones patológicas. La ETG puede cursar con hipertiroidismo, el cual puede variar en intensidad, desde una presentación asintomática con alteración leve de hormonas tiroideas a un cuadro de hipertiroidismo manifiesto. Se presentan 3 casos clínicos de pacientes con ETG, específicamente MH que evolucionaron con tirotoxicosis transitoria. Los casos presentaron un cuadro leve de hipertiroidismo con pocos síntomas asociados. La taquicardia fue el único síntoma en la mayoría de los casos. En todas las pacientes las hormonas tiroideas se normalizaron después del tratamiento de la ETG. Conclusión: Se debe tener presente la posibilidad de hipertiroidismo en toda paciente con ETG. Un alto nivel de sospecha permitirá identificar a aquellas pacientes que cursen con hipertiroidismo, permitiendo así un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare complication of pregnancy. GTD includes a group of proliferative lesions of trophoblastic tissue: partial and complete hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. The different types of GTD have in common the hypersecretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). HCG is a glycoprotein hormone with a similar structure to TSH. In physiological and pathological conditions hCG can stimulate thyroid function. GTD can present with hyperthyroidism, which can vary in intensity, from an asymptomatic presentation with mild alteration of thyroid hormones to a manifest hyperthyroidism. We present 3 clinical cases of patients with GTD thyrotoxicosis. All cases presented mild hyperthyroidism. Tachycardia was the only symptom in most cases. In all patients thyroid hormones return to normal after treatment of GTD. Conclusion: In patients with GTD the possibility of hyperthyroidism should be kept in mind. A high level of suspicion will allow to identifying patients with hyperthyroidism.

Mola invasiva. presentación de un caso / Mola invasiva. Apresentação de um caso / Invasive mole. Case presentation

Se presentó un caso de enfermedad trofoblástica tipo mola invasiva. El diagnóstico se sospechó con la ecografía del primer marcador genético, se realizaron dos legrados terapéuticos, el segundo de ellos, sugirió el diagnóstico de mola invasiva. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico (histerectomía total) con previa administración de quimioterapia con metotrexato sistémico. La biopsia confirmó el diagnóstico de mola invasiva. La mola invasiva es una de las formas de presentación de la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, es una condición infrecuente, en que la proliferación de células del trofoblasto y sincitiotrofoblasto penetran o incluso perforan la pared uterina, producen destrucción local pudiendo invadir el tejido parametrial y los vasos sanguíneos viajando dentro de estos, aunque no se han reportado verdaderas siembras metastásicas en otros órganos. La evolución clínica se realizó en consulta externa. Transcurrido dos años la evolución es satisfactoria, el tratamiento efectivo y bien tolerado por la paciente(AU).

A case of trophoblastic disease, of the invasive mole type was presented. The diagnosis was first suspected with the ultrasound of the first genetic marker. Two therapeutic curettages were performed, the second of which suggested the diagnosis of invasive mole. Surgical treatment (total hysterectomy) was performed with prior administration of chemotherapy with systemic methotrexate. The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of invasive mole. Invasive mole is one of the forms of presentation of gestational trophoblastic disease. It is a rare condition in which the proliferation of trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells penetrate or even perforate the uterine wall, produce local damage and can invade the parametrial tissue and blood vessels, traveling within these. True metastatic seeding in other organs has not been reported. The clinical evolution was carried out in an outpatient clinic. After two years the evolution is satisfactory, the treatment effective and well tolerated by the patient(AU).

Foi apresentado um caso de doença trofoblástica invasiva por mola. O diagnóstico foi suspeitado com a ultrassonografia do primeiro marcador genético, foram realizadas duas curetagens terapêuticas, sendo que a segunda sugeriu o diagnóstico de mola invasiva. O tratamento cirúrgico (histerectomia total) foi realizado com administração prévia de quimioterapia com metotrexato sistêmico. A biópsia confirmou o diagnóstico de mola invasiva. A mola invasiva é uma das formas de apresentação da doença trofoblástica gestacional, é uma condição infrequente, em que a proliferação de células trofoblásticas e sincitiotrofoblásticas penetram ou mesmo perfuram a parede uterina, produzem destruição local e podem invadir o tecido parametrial e vasos sanguíneos dos vasos. viajando dentro deles, embora verdadeira semeadura metastática em outros órgãos não tenha sido relatada. A evolução clínica foi realizada em ambulatório. Depois de dois anos, o a evolução é satisfatória, o tratamento é eficaz e bem tolerado pelo paciente(AU).

Evaluation of Prevalence of Changes in Thyroid Functional Tests in Mole Hydatiforme

Introduction: Mole hydatiforme is the most common type of gestational trophoblast disease (GTI) and the aim of this study, is evaluation the frequency of changes in thyroid function test in mole hydatidiform patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 63 patients with mole hydatidiform who reffering to gynecolgy ward of Ali ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Zahedan from April 2016 to March 2017, were studied. Information such as age, gravidity and laboratory findings inclluding thyroid function test (TFT) and the presence or absence of clinical sympltoms were recorded in the information forms and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: In this study, 63 patients with mole hydatidiform were studied. The mean age of the patients was 26.6 ± 7.7 years. The most common clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism in patients with mole hydatidorme was tachycardia (39.7%). There was no relationschip between age and gravidity with the hyperthyroid simptoms and thyroid function test. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed ttat 67% of patients with mole hydatidiform hay reduced TSH and more than 50% of cases hay increased free T3 and T4. There was no relationship between maternal age and gravidity with changes in thyroid functional test (AU)

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after ectopic molar pregnancy: clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects / Neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após gestaçãomolar ectópica: aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos

Abstract This report presents the case of a patient with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after a partial hydatidiform mole formed in the Fallopian tube. Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 in every 20,000 to 100,000 pregnancies; less than 300 cases of it have been reported in the Western literature. The present report is important because it presents current diagnostic criteria for this rare condition, which has been incorrectly diagnosed in the past, not only morphologically but also immunohistochemically. It also draws the attention of obstetricians to the occurrence of ectopic molar pregnancy, which tends to progress to Fallopian tube rupture more often than in cases of ectopic non-molar pregnancy. Progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ensures that patients with ectopic molar pregnancy must undergo postmolar monitoring, which must be just as thorough as that of patients with intrauterine hydatidiform moles, even if chemotherapy results in high cure rates.

Resumo Esse relato apresenta um caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após mola hidatiforme parcial ocorrida na tuba uterina. Trata-se de uma associação rara, cuja incidência estima-se de 1 em cada 20.000 a 100.000 gestações, havendomenos de 300 casos apresentados na literatura ocidental. O tema é importante porque apresenta critérios diagnósticos atuais para essa ocorrência incomum, que vinha sendo diagnosticada equivocadamente, não apenas sob o ponto de vista morfológico, como também imunohistoquímico. Da mesma forma, alerta o obstetra para a ocorrência da gravidez molar ectópica, que tende a evoluir com rotura tubária mais frequentemente do que os casos de gravidez ectópica não molar. Por fim, a evolução do caso para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional impõe às pacientes com gravidez ectópica molar a necessidade de seguimento pós-molar tão rigoroso quanto nos casos de mola hidatiforme intrauterina, ainda que o tratamento quimioterápico determine elevadas taxas de cura.

Gestational Trophoblastic diseases: alternatives to biological monitoring in under-resourced settings (Two clinical observations)

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a condition requiring regular monitoring of hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The semi-quantitative method presented here is an alternative for monitoring in under-equipped environments. The illustration made from two clinical cases of GTD that we have followed shows that this method can be used in under-equipped settings and where the quantitative dosage is unavailable

Atualização no diagnóstico e tratamento da gravidez molar / Update on the diagnosis and treatment of molar pregnancy

A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um termo aplicado a um grupo de tumores relacionados à gestação, caracterizado por entidades clínicas benignas (mola hidatiforme ? MH) e malignas (neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional ? NTG). Os principais desafios para o tratamento das pacientes com MH abrangem o diagnóstico precoce, esvaziamento uterino imediato e seguimento pós-molar regular com dosagem sérica de hCG, melhorando assim o prognóstico das pacientes, sua qualidade de vida e resultados reprodutivos. A atualização das estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas envolvidas no tratamento da DTG, foco deste trabalho, tem por objetivo melhorar esse cenário, contribuindo para o maior conhecimento sobre o assunto.

The gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term applied to a group of pregnancy related tumors, characterized by benign clinical entities (hydatidiform mole ? HM) and malignant ones (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ? GTN). The main challenges for treatment of patients with HM include early diagnosis, immediate uterine evacuation and systematic post-molar follow-up with seric dosage of hCG, improving the prognosis of patients, their quality of life and reproductive outcomes. The focus of the present paper is the update of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies involved in the treatment of GTD aiming to improve this scenario to enhance the knowledge on the subject.

Neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após normalização espontânea da gonadotrofina coriônica humana em paciente com mola hidatiforme parcial / Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin in patient with partial hydatidiform mole

Neste relato, é apresentado um caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após normalização espontânea de gonadotrofina coriônica humana em paciente com mola hidatiforme parcial. Trata-se da segunda ocorrência publicada desse evento e a primeira em que há comprovação imuno-histoquímica. No bojo dessa apresentação, ademais de mostrar o tratamento para essa intercorrência da gravidez, discute-se a possibilidade de redução da duração do seguimento pós-molar, assim como estratégias para o precoce reconhecimento da neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após a remissão espontânea da gravidez molar.

We report here a case of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous normalization of human chorionic gonadotropin in a patient with a partial hydatidiform mole. This is the second occurrence of this event to be reported and the first one with proven immunohistochemical evidence. Besides showing the treatment for this pregnancy complication, this case report discusses the possibility of reducing the duration of post-molar follow-up, as well as strategies for early recognition of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after spontaneous remission of molar pregnancy.

rare case of bilateral ectopic pregnancy and differential diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease

Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare condition and is divided in two subgroups, primary and secondary, based on history of assisted reproductive technology. Case Presentation: A 30 year old primigravid woman with history of infertility and ovulation induction presented to a hospital in Kashan in year 2013. She had vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and ultrasound findings suggested early pregnancy. Due to high titer of beta -HCG, gestational trophoblastic disease was proposed and DandC was done in referral and admission to gynecooncology ward in Tehran. Repeat sonography suggested ectopic pregnancy in left side and repeat beta -HCG level showed an increase of 19435 mIU/ml. Laparotomy findings revealed bilateral ampullary ectopic pregnancy. Bilateral salpingostomy followed by one course of methotrexate was prescribed. Bilateral ectopic gestation should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis for ectopic pregnancy. In this study, bigger size and rupture in left side was observed

Caracterización clínica de la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, Hospital Ginecobstétrico Ramón González Coro (2008-2012) / Clinical characterization of gestational trophoblastic disease in Ramón González Coro obstetric and gynaecological hospital in the 2008-2012 period

Introducción: numerosas investigaciones han estudiado la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, haciendo énfasis en la importancia de su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Se indaga en sus características para disminuir las tasas de incidencia, recaídas y/o complicaciones. Objetivo: se propone determinar el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico Ramón González Coro. Se trabajó una muestra de 18 historias clínicas de pacientes diagnosticadas o con sospecha de la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional, de cualquier edad y color de piel, dentro del universo de todas las pacientes atendidas en el periodo 2008-2012. Resultados: predominó como motivo de ingreso el sangramiento vaginal, y al examen físico el principal signo fue la salida de sangre por el orificio cervical externo. La mayoría de los casos obtenidos el 83,4 por ciento fueron pacientes con más de 24 años. Casi el total de la muestra un 94 por ciento presentó un útero aumentado de tamaño. En este estudio más de la mitad de los casos el 83 por ciento fueron por mola hidatiforme parcial. Conclusiones: este estudio caracteriza el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con Trofoblástica gestacional. Los resultados coinciden con lo observado en otros estudios analizados como apoyo para la valoración y discusión de los resultados. Esta dolencia se caracteriza por presentarse en mujeres mayores de 24 años, sin distinción en cuanto al color de la piel; los signos más significativos al examen ginecológico son el sangramiento vaginal y la salida de sangre por el orificio cervical externo(AU)

Introduction: numerous research works have studied gestational trophoblastic disease; making emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment and have dealt with its characteristics in order to reduce incidence, relapse and/or complication rates Objective: to determine the clinical behavior of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. Methods: observational descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Ramón González Coro in obstetric and gynecological hospital. The sample was made up of 18 medical records of patients diagnosed with or suspected of gestational trophoblastic disease, regardless of their age and race, within the universe of all patients seen in the period of 2008 through 2012. Results: the main reasons for admission to hospital were vaginal bleeding, and the main sign in physical examination was blood outflow through the external cervical orifice. Most cases (83.4 percent) were over 24 years-old. Almost all the patients (94 percent) presented with augmented uterus. In this study, 83 percent of cases were caused byr partial hydatid form mole. Conclusions: this study characterizes the clinical behavior of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. The results are consistent with those observed in other studies as a support for evaluation and discussion of the results. This condition is characterized by occurring in women over 24 years of age, regardless of race, and its most significant signs on gynecological examination are vaginal bleeding and blood outflow from the external os(AU)

Molar ectopic pregnancy; an unusal presentation. A case report

Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare occurrence. Clinical diagnosis of a molar pregnancy is difficult but histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis. The management of ectopic molar pregnancies consists of surgically removing the conceptus, follow up and chemotherapy, if required. We are reporting a case report of a 35-year-old married, nulliparous woman, admitted in emergency with a 6-week history of amenorrhea, severe abdominal pain and an episode of fainting at home. Per abdominal examination revealed tenderness over the right iliac fossa, with guarding and rigidity. Diagnosis of ruptured ectopic pregnancy was made.Emergency laparotomy was done. Histopathological examination, showed tubal ectopic pregnancy with partial hydatidiform mole and a separate corpus luteal cyst. She was followed up with serial beta hCG which became normal within 1 month. Although ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare entity but all ectopic pregnancies should be examined histologically to rule out presence of gestational trophoblastic disease to plan follow-up accordingly in order to avoid persistent gestational trophoblastic disease which has a chance of malignant conversion.The prognosis of ectopic molar pregnancies is the same as for other forms of gestational trophoblastic disease

Metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasms and no gynecological symptoms: Report of five cases

Early recognition of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasm [GTN] will maximize the chances of cure with chemotherapy but some patients present with many different symptoms months or even years after the causative pregnancy making diagnosis difficult. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of GTN in any reproductive age woman with bizarre central nervous system, gastrointestinal, pulmonary symptoms or radiographic evidence of metastatic tumor of unknown primary origin. We reported five cases of metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasms with bizarre pulmonary symptoms, acute abdomen, neurologic symptoms presenting without gynecological symptoms

Post-mortem diagnosis of gestation choriocarcinoma: A case report.

The present case demonstrates how a clinico-pathological approach of a forensic pathologist played a key role in deciding a sudden suspicious death and also highlights the characteristics of gestational choriocarcinoma and its importance’s in post mortem diagnosis among the forensic experts and clinicians. Investigating authorities were curious in knowing whether the death was due to criminal abortion or suicidal consumption of poisoning. The case was unraveled so that the rested soul is given justice and free from all defames.

Diagnostico clínico e histopatológico: embarazo molar: presentación de un caso clínico / Clinical and histopatológical diagnostics: molar pregnancy: presentation clinical of a case

La ETG es el término general utilizado para identificar distintos procesos donde existe una hiperplasia de diferentes tipos de epitelio trofoblástico, según la OMS puede clasificarse en 4 tipos: 1) Mola hidatiforme: completa o parcial, más común la primera en un 67 por ciento, 2) Mola invasora (corioadenoma destruens) 3) Coricarcinoma 4)Tumor trofoblástico del lecho placentario, su incidencia varia, pero en países desarrollados se estima sea 1.1/1000 embarazos, siendo esta mas alta en países subdesarrollados se presenta caso clìnico de una paciente la cual se le hace diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico y procedimientos para evacuación uterina por embarazo molar.

High risk nonmetastatic persistent gestational trophoblastic tumour following an abortion.

Locally invasive non-metastatic persistent gestational trophoblastic tumours (PGTT) following a non-molar pregnancy occur very rarely. Non-metastatic tumours usually falls in low risk group in WHO scoring system based on prognostic factors. We report a case of high risk non-metastatic PGTT which followed a spontaneous first trimester abortion. Complete remission of the tumour was achieved by chemotherapy EMA-CO regimen.

Enfermedad del trofoblasto (mola hidratiforme): a propósito de un caso / Disease trofoblástica gestacional (hydatiform mola): a purpose of a case

La enfermedad Trofoblástica Gestacional se caracteriza por proliferación anormal o atípica de las células sincitiales y de langhans de origen ectodermo fetal. Presentación de un tejido extraño (trofoblasto) en los tejidos del huésped (madre) y es tolerada por estos. El tejido invasor es genética y antigéneticamente extraño es el único tumor con este comportamiento en la biología humana. En este trabajo presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente femenino de 20 años primigesta con FUR: 01/10/06 quien consulta por sangrado genital intermitente con vesículas motivo por el cual consulta

Factores maternos que inciden en el diagnóstico de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional / Maternal factors that impact in the diagnosis of disease trofoblastic gestational

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional constituye un grupo de enfermedades propias de la gestación que pueden ser benignas o malignas, caracterizadas por proliferación anormal de las células sinciciales y de Langhans del trofoblasto, que interfieren con el desarrollo embrionario. Clínicamente se presenta como un embarazo normal, ya que hay amenorrea, sialorrea y vómitos, pero existe sangrado, crecimiento uterino no acorde con la edad gestacional, expulsión de vesículas a través de los genitales, útero hipotónico, no se palpan partes fetales, movimientos ni latidos cardíacos. Trabajo tipo descriptivo con medición independiente de variables; retrospectivo, documental, población y muestra de 8 casos luego de revisar las historias clínicas de este centro de salud. 50 por ciento estaban entre 21 a 26 años. El antecedente Ginecoobstétrico predominante fue la multiparidad con 54,5 por ciento, seguido de cesáreas y abortos con 18,18 por ciento respectivamente. El 37,5 por ciento tuvo entre 14 y 18 semanas de gestación, similar porcentaje para las que ignoraban la fecha de última regla. El método quirúrgico más empleado fue el legrado por aspiración con 37,5 porciento. Diagnosticándose finalmente 37 por ciento de mola invasora con un caso de metástasis a pulmón a los 4 años. Es importante destacar que 25 por ciento de las pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y ecográfico no se les practicó biopsia. Se presenta en mujeres en edad fertil, multíparas, durante el primer trimestre de embarazo, se recomienda practicar biopsias a todo material producto de abortos y embarazos anembrionarios.